According to climate and sea level changes, the p rosperity and decline of the L iangzhu Culture are discussed in this paper,which generated in the Yangtze Delta area and the surrounding area of Taihu Lake and dated back to 5300 - 4000 years ago. The author considers that itwas the relative milder climate with lower temperature and less rainfall and lower sea level that p rovided the favorable environment for L iangzhu Cultures development in the mid - Holocene period. And high sea level and frequent floods during the fourth( last) warm /wet climate period for thousand years scale in the mid - Holocene resulted in disappearance of the L iangzhu Culture.